The parathyroid glands are small endocrine organs, usually four in number, located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and closely associated with it. Together with the thymus, thyroid and ultimobranchial organs, they are derivatives of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. Violations of the embryogenesis process lead to the formation of an additional or ectopic glands, which determines to variability of their localization.In the case of tumor transformation of the parathyroid glands, acquired ectopias are formed, the dislocation of which depends on the initial position of the glands before the onset of the tumor. Histologically, the thyroid gland is covered with a thin fibrous capsule, with a well-developed vascular network, which continues into the trabeculae. A permanent component of the stroma is adipose tissue. The architectonics of the parenchyma can take the form of trabeculae, lobules, nesting structures, and form small acinar structures or pseudofollicles. Histologically, in the parathyroid gland, the chief cells synthesizing parathyroid hormone (PTH), the oxyphil cell, with the potential for the production of PTH, PTH-related protein, and calcitriol, and the water-clear cell associated with pathology. In the process of ontogenesis, an increase in the mass of the parathyroid gland and the amount of stromal fat occurs, focal collagenization of the perivascular stroma is observed. In the adult parenchyma, the number of chief active cells decreases, the number and activity of oxyphil cells, water-clear cells and macrophages increase. Age-related changes resemble an involutional process, but at the same time, a hormone-producing function is maintained.

Based on the generated database of sources (publications and documents) devoted to studies of health effects in nuclear industry workers (about 40 countries; more than 800 works), a brief overview of the mortality rate of this contingent from various pathologies has been performed. The fact of lower mortality of workers is revealed in comparison with the standardized for sex and age group of the general population. Some paradox was that at the initiating of the development of the nuclear industry this effect ‘healthy worker’ manifested itself more clearly than in recent decades (it was demonstrated by the example of the united cohort of Great Britain in 1946-1997 and, partly, employed by Mayak Production Association).An analysis of the paraqmeter for nuclear industry workers in Western countries, including a pooled cohort of 15 countries (Cardis E. et al., 2007-2008), showed that there is currently no fully founded conclusion about a substantial increase in mortality from solid cancers in total. A slight increase of the risk for lung cancer has been associated mainly with a Canada cohort characterized by incomplete dosimetry. At the same time, the risk of leukemia, apparently, can be significantly increased, as indicated by the Mayak Production Association data for past decades. But the increase in the absolute risk of mortality from leukemia after irradiation at the border of low doses (0,1 Gy) was small: no more than 0,4-0,9 deaths per 100 000 employees per year.For non-cancer pathologies, compared with the general population as a whole, lower mortality was observed. Circulatory diseases were a slight exception, although the increase in risk in these cases was usually small (by 10-20%). There have been isolated cases of higher risks, but for exposure to medium or high doses. It should be borne in mind, however, that the contingent under study also had contacts with non-radiation damaging factors that could increase circulatory pathologies which are multifactorial in causality. A number of studies have also found a statistically significant relationship between alcohol consumption, smoking and the accumulated dose of radiation (the influence of lifestyle).Thus, a brief study showed, on the whole, the best health status of nuclear workers in various countries of the world compared with the general population, as well as the rather weak effect of the radiation factor, at least in recent decades.

The article considers the influence of circadian rhythms on the biology of hair follicles. Molecular genetics aspects of the biological clock and the issues of their growth and hair development are analyzed.The chronobiology of hair follicles is based on several circadian images: «hours of morphogenesis» (determination of induction and morphogenesis in the process of embryonic hair development); «Cyclic inductor» (initiates the synchronized operation of the hair clock); «Desynchronized» (desynchronizes the work of hair, for example, during aging); According to a number of authors, the «cyclic inductor», «hair cycle clock» and «desynchronized» can be combined into mechanisms controlling the process of apoptosis and mitosis in the hair follicle.A significant part of the article is devoted to the role of melatonin in the functioning of the hair follicle.

Due with the increase of the number of patients on the waiting list for organ transplantation, the reduction of the number of suitable donors, increasing the need to expand the criteria for collection organs from donors. Simplification of criterions allows increasing the number of transplants and reducing mortality in the waiting list, but receive a negative impact on the survival of patients and time of functional activity of transplants. The identification of donors with reported brain death has not been sufficiently studied and continues to be the subject of numerous studies. There is an increase in the age of an effective donor and an increase of donor’s hospitalization in the intensive care unit. In this situation, the processes in the donor‘s gut are not sufficiently studied, especially in light of the increase of their time in intensive care units. With dysfunction of a transplant the additional efforts directed to prevention and fight against infectious complications are often necessary. It leads to growth of terms of hospitalization and serious rise in price of treatment in this category of patients. In this case, transfer of infections from the donor of organs to the recipient represents serious potential risk of receiving infectious complications and death, which needs to be compared with risk of death of the patient without transplantation. Nevertheless, the increasing gap between the number of donors and the number of the persons expecting organ transplantation forces to consider each potential donor, irrespective of the status of an infection as it is a compulsory measure for minimization of mortality in the waiting list. The last data on a translocation of intestinal microflora at the died organ donors are presented in this review of literature. Modern literary data the describing this phenomenon, and its influence on post-transplant complications at recipients of parenchymal organs are described and analyzed.

The article provides an overview of current data on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the occurrence of lumbar disc radiculopathies. Microcirculation changes, axonal transport disorders at compression of the spinal root by a hernia of the intervertebral disc are described, the dynamics of a possible regression of intervertebral disc hernias is reflected. We have described the pathophysiological mechanisms of compression of the spinal root at rostrocaudal subluxation and the possibility of multifocal compression of the spinal root. We have reflected the role of the nucleus pulposus as a hernial material in the initiation of the inflammatory process, the role of immune mechanisms in lumbar disc radiculopathies. The crucial role of cytokines in the development of inflammation and pain syndrome in lumbar disc radiculopathies has been observed. The importance of studying pathophysiological processes in order to improve the methods of diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc radiculopathies has been shown.

The constant influence of the radiation factor on the body is still largely unclear, which is one of the main obstacles to optimizing the medical monitoring of personnel employed in areas with high density of contamination. In this regard, an analysis of the incidence rate of personnel of the Polessky State Radiation-Ecological Reserve was carried out. A statistically significantly higher risk of developing non-cancer pathology of the thyroid gland, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, diseases of the genitourinary system, gastritis and duodenitis was established. A statistically significant high risk was noted for cancer of the stomach, rectum, small intestine, and renal pelvis. As a result of the study, methodological recommendations were developed for the early detection of diseases and reducing radiation doses to personnel of the Polessky State Radiation-Ecological Reserve.

This review focuses mainly on Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) that are closely related members within the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. The initial emergence of NiV infection in pigs and humans in Malaysia, and HeV infection in horses and humans in Australia posed severe impact on human and animal health. These viruses cause severe infections in human population associated with high rate of mortality. In this review we summarize the available data on bats as reservoir hosts to henipaviruses and features of transmission of Hendra virus and Nipah virus following spillover from these reservoir hosts.

Today, computer games are one of the preferred types of leisure activities among adolescents. This study analyzes the relationship between preferred computer games and the psychological state of 596 students in grades 7-9. The study showed that 54% of students do not have a favorite computer game or it is not aggressive. In all the examined groups, the levels of aggression and physical aggression, as well as hostility, irritation and personality, refer to elevated levels, levels of personal anxiety - to high. It has been shown that adolescents who prefer games that are more aggressive have a significantly higher level of hostility and aggressiveness, including physical aggression and verbal aggression. In the middle levels of personal anxiety and depression, no differences were found depending on the choice of the preferred game. There are also differences in the psychological state of adolescents who prefer different computer heroes with the same level of aggressiveness of a computer game. There were no significant differences in the time spent on the Internet, depending on the preferred game and hero.

The 6-days expansion of cord blood (CB) and mobilized peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells in co-culture with BM MSCs with addition of SCF, Flt3 ligand and TPO was performed. Fold expansion of CB cells was higher: 33 (23-42) for CB nucleated cells (TNC) vs 13 (11- 16) for PB TNC (p=0,004) and 15 (7-18) for CB CD34+ cells vs. 9 (7-11) for PB CD34+ cells (p=0,013). The mean fold expansion of CFU-E, BFU-E, CFU-G, CFU-GEMM cord blood was comparable to TNC fold increase. The high production of CFU-M and CFU-GM after the CB expansion is a distinctive difference of CB myelopoiesis, in contrast to PB cells (130 (37- 175) vs. 28 (4-62), p = 0,003; 44 (11-218) vs. 10 (2-37), p = 0,025). CB CFU-Mk fold expansion was lower than expected and was the same as PB CFU-Mk (19 (9-20) vs. 20 (5-49), p = 0,7). These data is consistent with ineffective counteraction of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia by transplantation of expanded CB. Different CD34 expression on CB and PB megakaryocyte progenitors was observed. Ontogenically related myelopoiesis of CB and PB cells leads to different proliferative responses to cultural stimuli. Despite the same cultural conditions, only in the CB culture there was a redistribution of CFU proportions: a significant increase of monocyte-containing colonies (CFU-M and CFU-GM) and inhibition of the megakaryocytic lineage.

The aim idea of the research is to study the morphological structure of dehydrating drops of whole blood and plasma, pro-, antioxidant blood state in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia under the influence of laser hemotherapy of different wavelengths. Study involved 42 patients, which were divided into three groups depending on the received treatment (the 1st group received 8-10 procedures of intravenous blood laser radiation in addition to the standard therapy, the 2nd group - 8-10 procedures of supranational blood laser radiation, the 3rd group - standard therapy). At the time of hospitalization, patients were shown to have changes in the morphological structure of dehydrating bioliquid drops, which were manifested by the appearance of broad, three-beam and harness cracks in whole blood and loss of symmetry in plasma. Low activity of superoxide dismutase in blood of patients of groups 1 and 2 was revealed, which normalized after course treatment with inclusion of laser hemotherapy of different wavelengths.

International standards in radiation protection, changes over time in the radiation situation on the territory of settlements contaminated due to Chernobyl accident, as well as accumulated over the period 2016-2018 new dosimetry data on individual internal exposure of the population based on the results of whole body counter measurements were the rationale for improving the method of assessing radiation doses to population living in radioactively contaminated settlements of the Republic of Belarus.Unlike the previous method in 2014, the improved method in accordance with the latest recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection intends to estimate the average annual effective exposure dose to residents of a settlement as the annual effective exposure dose to a representative person. Representative person is equivalent and replaces the average member of the critical group. We have determined the updated correlation coefficients of the annual effective dose of the external exposure to representative person with the contamination density of 137Cs for the period up to 2025.The numerical values of the empirically obtained parameters of the linear regression equation for settlements of various types are presented, which make it possible to calculate the annual effective doses of the internal exposure to representative person.

33 patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were examined. The follow-up period was 18 years.It was found that the recovery of the number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is approaching the reference values after 180 days after alloHSCT. The percentage of NK cells is higher than the reference values before +180 days, while the normalization of the absolute content of NK cells occurs after +60 days. The percentage of B cells approaches the reference values after +60 days, the absolute value-after +100 days after transplantation. The percentage of T cells reaches normal values by +30 days, but the absolute content of these cells is normalized only by +365 days after alloHSCT. Among T-cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes predominate and their percentage is higher than the reference values for a year after alloHSCT, the absolute content is briefly normalized after +60 days. Recovery of T-helper cells, thymic migrants and T-regulatory cells begins after +100 days, but the percentage and absolute content remains significantly below the norm even after a year of observation. During the entire observation period, the percentage of memory cells of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes behaves in a balanced manner relative to each other until the reference values are reached by day 365, and the absolute number of naïve cytotoxic T-lymphocytes exceeds them by day 365 in some patients. Analysis of data on recovery of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations shows the need for dynamic clinical and laboratory control of patients with PID who have undergone alloHSCT. In addition to determining the main populations of lymphocytes (B-, T-lymphocytes, and NK), it is advisable to include the definition of minor subpopulations of lymphocytes, such as T-helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes naïve and memory cells, thymic migrants and T-regulatory cells in the immunological monitoring programme.

We have examined 197 recipients who underwent kidney transplantation. Patients were divided into groups: PGF - with satisfactory primary graft function, PGD - with primary graft dysfunction. The level of dendritic cells was determined before transplantation, on day 1, 3, and 7 after transplantation.In the PGF group, the relative value of dendritic cells in the preoperative period was higher compared to the level in the PGD group. However, from the first day, there was a significant decrease in this indicator in the PGF group compared to the level in the PGD and CG groups. This was also observed on day 3, and on day 7 there were no significant differences in the level of dendritic cells in the groups of recipients. The dynamics of the absolute values of dendritic cells during the observation period was similar to relative indices. Monitoring of the level of dendritic cells in kidney transplant recipients in the early postoperative period can be applied for diagnosis of developing allograft dysfunction.

Prevention of the development of esophageal and gastric varices and its progression, prevention of the first episode of bleeding, hemostasis in acute bleeding, as well as the prevention of repeated episodes of bleeding are the main directions of the treatment strategy in patients with portal hypertension.Analysis of the results of open esophagogastric devascularization with esophageal transection followed by endoscopic hemostasis and transjugular portosystemic shunting for persistently recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices.Open esophagogastric devascularization with esophageal transection followed by endoscopic hemostasis and transjugular portosystemic shunting for persistent recurrence of bleeding from esophageal varices were performed in Grodno Regional Clinical Hospital in October 2018. The operations were performed in a 56-year-old patient with liver cirrhosis of mixed etiology (viral hepatitis B and C plus alcohol), Child-Pugh class B, complicated by portal hypertension and recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices. The use of sequential approach in the treatment of repeatedly relapsing bleeding from esophageal varices contributed to the achievement of stable hemostasis and the absence of recurrence of bleeding from esophageal varices in the postoperative period. The follow-up period after surgery was 8 months; no recurrence of bleeding was noted during this period.The use of a combined sequential approach using open esophagogastric devascularization, endoscopic hemostasis and transjugular portosystemic shunting is effective in the treatment of repeatedly recurring episodes of hemorrhages from esophageal varices with the aim of finally stopping bleeding.

Results of clinical-immunological inspection of new generation of 2 groups of personnel of the Chemical Steel Works (ChSW) and Plant of Division of Isotopes (PDI) with a total number of 86 people are presented. All personnel were male. The examined groups differed on the nature of radioactive effects: external g-radiation was ChSW prevailing at personnel, the personnel of PDI have an ionizing radiation (IR) from α-sources. An average experience of contact with radiation the personnel of ChSW had 14,46±1,05 years, at personnel of PDI - is reliable 4,09 years above. Features of changes in IS in the presence of the chronic diseases (CD) are established. At personnel of ChSW the high level of serum IgG which in the absence of CD exceeded indicators in the presence of all CD, except CD of respiratory organs is revealed. Reliable increase / trend to increase in indicators of the T-cellular link of IS in the presence of CD of digestive organs at personnel of ChSW and a bone and muscular system at personnel of PDI is revealed; in the presence of fungal infections in both groups; CD4+- T-lymphocytes - at CD of a bone and muscular and urinary system. Increase in CD3+, - CD4+- T-lymphocytes can be caused by the activating impact of radiation in small doses on the T-cellular link of IS.

Carpal tunnel Syndrome is a chronic compression-ischemic neuropathy of the median nerve that occurs as a result of its compression in the area of the carpal canal in 3-6% of the population. The purpose of this study was to clarify the prevalence of asymptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome in young women using clinical and electroneuromiographic techniques. Using questionnaires and electroneuromyography, 41 young healthy women were examined without clinical manifestations of median nerve neuropathy. It is shown that about 35% of the subjects have changes in the median nerve in the carpal canal, which are established using the electroneuromiographic method of step-by-step study of motor conduction (motor inching). Subjects with identified changes are a contingent of the risk of developing clinical carpal tunnel syndrome and require preventive measures.

A complex of organizational and medical measures has been formed in the Republic of Belarus for the early detection and clinical examination of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, regulated by a number of legal acts. However, a population-epidemiological analysis of the incidence rates of autoimmune thyroiditis in the regions showed that organizational approaches in the Grodno, Brest, Minsk regions and Minsk-city differed from Vitebsk, Mogilev and Gomel. On the example of the Brest and Gomel regions. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of autoimmune thyroiditis patients showed significant differences in the assessment of laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods for establishing a diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis while there were no significant differences in the volume of execution.

Purulent epiduritis is a rare disease difficult for diagnosing, which, if not defined in the onset, leads to serious consequences, and sometimes to death.This served as the basis for the presentation of the basic issues of semiotics and the diagnosis of epidural spinal abscess.We present two cases of this disease with different approaches to medical and surgery treatment. In both cases the results were positive which made it possible to preserve the patients working ability and their quality of life.

The analysis of the results of the dispensary examination of the staff of the RRCRM&HE has been carried out, due to which we have identified the main nosological forms that are the cause of morbidity, temporary and permanent disability. A high proportion of employees with risk factors for non-contagious diseases was revealed, although the average age of the examined was young. Diseases of the genitourinary system were the main cause of morbidity, respiratory diseases were the main cause of temporary disability of employees. The obtained results will allow us to identify risk groups within employees in order to modify behavioral risk factors and prevent chronic non-contagious diseases.

The article contains a detailed description of the method of cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii in vivo for laboratory studies of biological and medical profile. The method of cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii in a mouse model in vivo is the result of the author’s development.The proposed method allows you to maintain a culture of Toxoplasma in the optimal quantitative ratio due to the observance of the natural conditions of the parasite in vivo. The method is financially affordable and feasible in a laboratory equipped to work with the protozoa of the first risk group and in the presence of a vivarium.Toxoplasma, cultivated using the proposed method, can be used for scientific work, practical training of students, graduate students, doctoral students.