Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of chromaffin cells localized in the adrenal medulla and secreting a large amount of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine). This pathology and complications caused by it are one of the causes of disability and death of patients of working age, in connection with which timely diagnosis and adequate treatment based on understanding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease are an urgent problem of modern clinical medicine. The review covers the issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical picture, diagnostics, modern approaches to preoperative preparation, surgical treatment, anesthetic management and postoperative management of patients with adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.

   The purpose of the descriptive literature review is to assess the state of the problem, possibilities and prospects for the development of an artificial intelligence in medicine.

   A progressive increase in the number of requests and publications on this topic is noted. The structure of the application of an artificial intelligence in healthcare is considered, which currently includes five main areas of application: to improve medical diagnostics and treatment, accelerate the development of drugs, optimize the organization of healthcare, implement robotic surgery and analyze patient health indicators. Examples of existing achievements in the use of an artificial intelligence in medicine are given as decision support systems, medical image analysis, and the creation of intelligent applications to improve the quality of life of patients.

   Treatment and prevention of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) depends on the degree of genital prolapse, possible conditions associated with it, the patient's age, her complaints and medical history. Symptomatic and complicated genital prolapse should be treated. Patients with PFD can be managed both conservatively and surgically. When selected correctly, the effectiveness of a pessary is 60-80%. Surgical interventions with or without mesh implants are strictly individual. The use of a mesh prosthesis has proven to be a more reliable method in relation to relapse of the disease. Preventive measures for PFD should be carried out at the initial stages of the disease, while the patient's motivation and lifestyle modifications are important.

   The main plasma cell neoplasms characterized by the proliferation of clonal plasma cells producing monoclonal immunoglobulin include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma, AL amyloidosis, solitary plasmacytoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, primary cold agglutinin disease, heavy chain diseases, plasma cell leukemia, and some paraneoplastic syndromes. Under the influence of monoclonal immunoglobulin on axons or myelin sheath of neurons, a number of patients with plasma cell neoplasms develop paraproteinemic polyneuropathies. They are characterized by a slow course and similar clinical and instrumental manifestations, which complicates their diagnosis and differential diagnosis. This article systematizes the results of current studies devoted to the pathogenesis and clinical features of paraproteinemic polyneuropathies associated with various plasma cell neoplasms.

The article discusses the factors of cervical cancer. Of course, the main role belongs to the human papillomavirus of high carcinogenic risk. However, there is evidence from the authors that 5-7 % of cervical cancer is HPV-negative. In this regard, the review presents non-viral co-factors of the occurrence of cervical cancer. These factors include: the state of the microbiota of the vaginal biotope, the functions of the resident vaginal microflora, and the state of local vaginal immunity. It has been shown that changes in the quantitative composition of the vaginal microbiota occur in cervical cancer, and dysplastic processes are preceded by chronic inflammation and dysregulation of the immune response.

   The proposed method allows to quickly estimate in-situ the air volumetric activity with acceptable uncertainty. The new method eliminates the need for sampling and personnel exitting the vehicle. It becomes possible to quickly double-check the measurement results and study in more detail the area of the territory where a high gradient has been detected. The volumetric activity of the atmospheric surface layer is estimated based on the «clean» areas of the photopeaks of total absorption and using the original calibration of spectrometer. The minimum detectable activity depends on the composition of the radionuclides in the emergency release, the duration of the spectrum acquisition, and does not exceed 1 Bq·m^-3, which is significantly lower than the established intervention levels. The uncertainty of the proposed in situ assessment method is estimated at 30 % with a 95 % confidence interval.

   The dynamics of age-standardized incidence rates of malignant neoplasms in the Republic of Belarus before and after the Chernobyl disaster has been analyzed. As a result of the analysis over a 46–year period (from 1978 to 2023), more than 5 shapes of dynamic curves were identified. They had from 0 to 3 joint points. A significant increase in the cancer incidence in the early «post–Chernobyl» period was noted only for skin cancer (in men and women), cervical cancer, breast cancer in men, and adrenal gland cancer in men. However, no localizations had the shape of the dynamics similar to the shape of the curve for thyroid cancer incidence. The dynamics of thyroid cancer incidence, unlike other localizations, had 3 trend breakpoints in women and 4 in men, and was generally characterized by positive growth rates.

   COVID-19 presents with a wide range of symptoms and is classified as an infectious disease in which an excessive inflammatory response is the main cause of poor clinical outcome. Further research into the issues of pathogenesis, morphogenesis, especially features of the inflammatory response during infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is promising.

   The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between histological changes in the lung parenchyma of patients and the severity of clinical manifestations of COVID-19.

   The object of the study was lung tissue from patients with verified new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 using PCR testing and hospital records of patients.

   Immunohistochemical analysis with CD8 and CD4 antibodies was performed to identify cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes in lung tissue. The expression of IL-6 as one of the main mediators of the cytokine storm was studied. It was found that in the lung parenchyma of patients infected with the new strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, atypical expression of CD4 and CD8 markers was detected in the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages and desquamated type II pneumocytes. With the development of a cytokine storm in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a mechanism for the formation of early interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is triggered, the severity of which depends on the clinical and laboratory parameters of the cytokine storm.

   The thymus, being the central or primary lymphoid organ of the immune system, plays a vital role in creating and maintaining a suitable microenvironment for the differentiation of T-lymphocyte precursors into immunocompetent cells, as well as the selection and differentiation of T-cells, the integration of various populations of thymocytes and macrophages to implement an immune response. All this determines the sensitivity of the thymus to the effects of various types of stress factors, such as ionizing radiation, stress, bad habits, etc. The high rate of development and introduction into everyday life of wireless data transmission devices — cell phones, Wi-Fi, which are a source of radio frequency electromagnetic fields, pose an extremely important task for scientists to assess the possibility of adverse effects of this type of radiation on human health and, in particular, on the immune system.

   The aim of this work was to analyze the content of proinflammatory cytokines — IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the thymus tissue of mice chronically exposed to the electromagnetic field (EMF) of a Wi-Fi device (2,45 GHz, PD= 0,46 ± 0,37 µW/cm², 24 h/day, daily) from the age of 30 days until they reach 7 months.

   The identified changes in the content of proinflammatory cytokines in the thymus tissue of mice chronically exposed to low-intensity EMF indicate the possibility of this factor to influence the morphofunctional activity of the thymus, namely its signaling and transcriptional functions, including the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and migration of T cells, which can lead to a change in the regulatory functions of T cells and their role in the immune system.

   Treatment of patients with trophic disorders due to diabetes mellitus is an important medical and social problem, since decompensation and progression of the disease and its complications often lead to disability of patients. The presence of long-term non-healing trophic ulcers requires daily, often painful, dressings, which significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. Therefore, the development of composite hydrogel coatings of prolonged action will solve one of the most important problems of modern surgery. The article presents the results of a biochemical analysis of the blood of laboratory rats with the determination of the level of fibroblast growth factor-2 and endothelin-1 in dynamics against the background of the use of the developed hydrogel wound coatings of prolonged action. Based on the obtained data, the optimal composition of wound dressing for the treatment of trophic ulcers against the background of ischemia in diabetes mellitus was determined.

   Pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae often has a severe course and a significant risk of unfavorable outcome. Various scales and indices have been proposed for timely assessment of the patient's condition and detection of a high risk of unfavorable outcome. For the attending physician, the ease of use and prognostic accuracy of the index used in the assessment are important.

   The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting a fatal outcome in patients with pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae.

   A total of 71 cases of pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae with multiple and extreme drug resistance were retrospectively analyzed. Two groups of patients were formed depending on the outcome: group 1 – 41 patients discharged from the hospital upon completion of treatment; group 2 – 30 patients with a fatal outcome. The structure of concomitant diseases, body mass index (BMI), blood saturation (SpO₂), hemogram parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed. It was found that patients with a fatal outcome were characterized by higher leukocyte counts, neutrophils in the hemogram, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), CRP, BMI; lower lymphocyte counts, SpO2. The most significant prognostic indicators of an unfavorable outcome are lymphocytes, neutrophils, NLR, BMI. To predict the risk of death, we proposed the index (BMI*NLR)/SpO₂. ROC analysis was performed: the AUC was 0,99 (0,93–1,00), test sensitivity 100,0 %, specificity 97,6 % at a cutoff point of > 1,53, Youden index 0,98. Diagnostic value of the index (BMI*NLR)/SpO₂ (at a threshold value > 1,53): test sensitivity is 100,0 %, specificity is 95,1 %, positive predictive value is 93,8 %, negative predictive value is 100,0 %, accuracy is 97,2 %. The proposed index (BMI*NLR)/SpO₂ (at a level > 1,53) may be preferable for predicting a fatal outcome of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, due to its high sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (97,6 %), as well as ease of use.

   The article describes the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 in children hospitalized in the infectious clinical hospital from January 2021 to September 2024. A retrospective analysis of 311 medical records of children with laboratory-verified COVID-19, revealed that 104 (33.4 %) patients had gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, watery and invasive diarrhea), while in 5 (4.3 %) of them, gastrointestinal symptoms were the only manifestation of the infectious process. It was found that children in the first year of life were significantly more likely to have hyperenzymemia (ALT and AST), compared to the group over four years old, which indicates the involvement of the liver in the pathological process in COVID-19. The study presents the experience of detecting SARS CoV-2 RNA in a rectal swab of 29 patients using PCR, for 5 of whom this study was the only confirmation of the presence of COVID-19. No significant differences were found in the frequency and duration of the gastrointestinal manifestations in children depending on the results of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in the a rectal swab in the study groups.

   Posterior shoulder dislocation is a rare pathology, accounting for 1,5% to 5% of all dislocation cases observed in this area. The combination of a posterior dislocation with a humeral fracture is an even more unusual clinical occurrence.

   Clinical case: Patient R., a 54-year-old man, presented with complaints of pain and limited range of motion in both shoulder joints, which had suddenly developed about 3 weeks ago following a seizure that occurred after an episode of alcohol consumption. Computed tomography revealed bilateral posterior fracture-dislocations of both humeral bones. Bilateral posterior shoulder fracture-dislocations are extremely rare pathologies, most commonly associated with epileptic seizures or severe trauma. The main mechanisms of injury include direct trauma and excessive muscle effort. The diagnosis of such injuries is often delayed; however, a thorough patient history can raise suspicion of this pathology. Radiography is the key diagnostic method with pathognomonic signs, but computed tomography is preferred for better visualization. Treatment includes both conservative and surgical methods, depending on the severity of the injury and the patient's condition. Despite advances in imaging techniques, the diagnosis of posterior fracture-dislocation is often delayed by more than 6-12 months, which can significantly affect patient management strategies. A careful history-taking and timely radiological imaging can lead to an accurate diagnosis, thereby reducing the risk of recurrent instability.