medbioМедико-биологические проблемы жизнедеятельностиMedical and Biological Problems of Life Activity2074-2088Республиканский научно-практический центр радиационной медицины и экологии человека10.58708/2074-2088.2026-3(39)-13-19medbio-542Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEWS AND PROBLEM ARTICLESВозрастная инволюция тимуса: механизмы ремоделирования T-клеточного иммунитетаAge-related thymic involution: mechanisms of T-cell immunity remodelinghttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-5324ЗыблеваС. В.ZyblevaS. V.

г. Гомель

zyb-svetlana@yandex.byhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7033-719XНавменоваЯ. Л.NavmenovaY. L.

г. Гомель

yano4ka@mai.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-554XСилинА. Е.SilinA. E.

г. Гомель

arksil@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-7881-3460ТихоноваЕ. С.TikhonovaE. S.

г. Гомель

stusha25@yandex.byhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1557-7470ЗайцеваО. А.ZaitsevaO. A.

г. Гомель

zajkina@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0968-6630ЗыблевС. Л.ZyblevS. L.

г. Гомель

s.zyblev@yandex.byГавриленкоТ. Е.GavrilenkoT. E.

г. Гомель

wapttcsi177@gmail.comГУ «РНПЦ радиационной медицины и экологии человека»BelarusУО «Гомельский государственный медицинский университет»BelarusГУ «Республиканский научно-практический центр радиационной медицины и экологии человека»Belarus202601112026031319Copyright © Зыблева С.В., Навменова Я.Л., Силин А.Е., Тихонова Е.С., Зайцева О.А., Зыблев С.Л., Гавриленко Т.Е., 20262026Зыблева С.В., Навменова Я.Л., Силин А.Е., Тихонова Е.С., Зайцева О.А., Зыблев С.Л., Гавриленко Т.Е.Zybleva S.V., Navmenova Y.L., Silin A.E., Tikhonova E.S., Zaitseva O.A., Zyblev S.L., Gavrilenko T.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://medbio.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/542

обзоре систематизированы современные представления о молекулярных, клеточных и нейроэндокринных механизмах возрастной инволюции тимуса и её роли в формировании иммуностарения (immunosenescence) и онкопатологии. Проанализированы ключевые транскрипционные факторы (Foxn1, E2F3, Myc), сигнальные каскады (Notch/DLL4, PPARγ) и эпигенетические регуляторы (miR-181a), координирующие деградацию тимусных эпителиальных клеток и замещение паренхимы жировой тканью. Особое внимание уделено роли половых стероидов в индукции атрофии органа, физиологическим особенностям гестационной инволюции (ось RANK/прогестерон), а также протективным эффектам калорической рестрикции и соматотропной оси (GH/ IGF-1). С клинической точки зрения охарактеризовано влияние деградации медуллярного компартмента на искажение негативной селекции и накопление супрессорных пулов Т-регуляторных клеток (tTreg), блокирующих противоопухолевый надзор в пожилом возрасте. Обоснована перспективность использования кольцевых ДНК-эксцизий Т-клеточного рецептора (TREC) в качестве прецизионного биомаркера истинного функционального сенесценса тимуса.

The review systematizes current concepts of the molecular, cellular, and neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying age-related thymic involution and its role in the development of immunosenescence and oncopathology. Key transcription factors (Foxn1, E2F3, Myc), signaling pathways (Notch/DLL4, PPARγ), and epigenetic regulators (miR–181a) coordinating the degradation of thymic epithelial cells and the replacement of parenchyma with adipose tissue are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the role of sex steroids in inducing organ atrophy, the physiological characteristics of gestational involution (RANK/progesterone axis), and the protective effects of caloric restriction and the somatotropic axis (GH/IGF–1). From a clinical perspective, the impact of medullary compartment degradation on the distortion of negative selection and the accumulation of suppressive pools of regulatory T–cells (tTreg) that block antitumor surveillance in old age is characterized. The prospects of using T–cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) as a precision biomarker of true functional thymic senescence are substantiated.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.