medbioМедико-биологические проблемы жизнедеятельностиMedical and Biological Problems of Life Activity2074-2088Республиканский научно-практический центр радиационной медицины и экологии человека10.58708/2074-2088.2026-1(37)-35-45medbio-502Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEWS AND PROBLEM ARTICLESМикроэкология влагалища при цервикальной дисплазии: характеристика основных показателей (обзор литературы)Vaginal microecology in cervical dysplasia: characteristics of the main parameters (literature review)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-3799ЛогиноваО. П.LohinavaV. P.

г. Гомель

gal301@mail.ruГУ «РНПЦ радиационной медицины и экологии человека»Belarus202604062026013545Copyright © Логинова О.П., 20262026Логинова О.П.Lohinava V.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://medbio.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/502

В статье рассмотрены основные показатели микроэкологии влагалища при цервикальной дисплазии и раке шейки матки. Вагинальная микробиота, эндокринная система хозяина, анатомия влагалища и местный иммунитет составляют вагинальную микроэкологию. Физиологическое взаимодействие факторов микроэкологии влагалища поддерживает баланс вагинальной микросреды и обеспечивает репродуктивное здоровье женщины. Сбалансированная вагинальная микросреда улучшает барьерную функцию слизистых оболочек и иммунную функцию, способствуя профилактике и элиминации вируса папилломы человека. И наоборот, нарушения вагинальной микроэкологии ослабляют эти защитные механизмы, повышая восприимчивость к инфекции вируса папилломы человека. Изучение микроэкологии влагалища и её роли в развитии и прогрессировании предопухолевой патологии и рака шейки матки имеет важное значение для профилактики, диагностики и лечения этих заболеваний. В исследованиях последних лет этому вопросу уделяется большое внимание.

This article examines the key parameters of vaginal microecology in cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. The vaginal microbiota, host endocrine system, vaginal anatomy, and local immunity collectively constitute the vaginal microecology. The physiological interaction of vaginal microecological factors maintains the balance of the vaginal microenvironment and ensures a woman›s reproductive health. A balanced vaginal microenvironment improves the barrier function of the mucous membranes and immune function, facilitating the prevention and elimination of human papillomavirus (HPV). Conversely, disruptions in the vaginal microecology weaken these protective mechanisms, increasing susceptibility to HPV infection. Studying the vaginal microecology and its role in the development and progression of precancerous pathology and cervical cancer is essential for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases. In recent years, this topic has received considerable research attention.

микроэкология влагалищацервикальная дисплазиярезидентная микробиоталокальный иммунитетрак шейки маткиvaginal microecologycervical dysplasiaresident microbiotalocal immunitycervical cancerReferencesYe, J Vaginal microecology and its role in human papillomavirus infection and human papillomavirus associated cervical lesions / J. Ye, X. Qi // APMIS. – 2024. – Vol. 132, №12. – P. 928–947. doi: 10.1111/apm.13356Ye, J Vaginal microecology and its role in human papillomavirus infection and human papillomavirus associated cervical lesions / J. Ye, X. Qi // APMIS. – 2024. – Vol. 132, №12. – P. 928-947. doi: 10.1111/apm.13356Cui, M. Advances in the interrelated nature of vaginal microecology, HPV infection, and cervical lesions / M. Cui, Y. Wu, Z. Liu [et al.] // Front Cell Infect Microbiol. – 2025. – №15. – P. 1608195. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1608195Cui M, Wu Y, Liu Z, Liu Y, Fan L. Advances in the interrelated nature of vaginal microecology, HPV infection, and cervical lesions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jun 19;15:1608195. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1608195Kyrgiou, M. Vaginal microbiome and cervical cancer / M. Kyrgiou, A.B. Moscicki // Semin Cancer Biol. – 2022. – №86(Pt 3). – P. 189-198. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.005.Kyrgiou M, Moscicki AB. Vaginal microbiome and cervical cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Nov;86(Pt 3):189-198. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.005Anahtar, M.N. Cervicovaginal Microbiota and Reproductive Health: The Virtue of Simplicity / M.N. Anahtar, D.B. Gootenberg, C.M. Mitchell [et al.] // Cell Host Microbe. –2018. – Vol. 23, №2. – P. 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.013Anahtar M.N., Gootenberg D.B., Mitchell C.M., et al. Cervicovaginal Microbiota and Reproductive Health: The Virtue of Simplicity. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23(2):159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.013Dong, M. Interactions between microbiota and cervical epithelial, immune, and mucus barrier / M. Dong, Y. Dong, J. Bai [et al.] // Front Cell Infect Microbiol. – 2023. – №13. – P. 1124591. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1124591Dong M., Dong Y., Bai J., et al. Interactions between microbiota and cervical epithelial, immune, and mucus barrier. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1124591. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1124591Auriemma, R.S. The Vaginal Microbiome: A Long Urogenital Colonization Throughout Woman Life / R.S. Auriemma, R. Scairati, G. Del Vecchio [et ai.] // Front Cell Infect Microbiol. – 2021. – № 11. – P. 686167. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.686167Auriemma RS, Scairati R, Del Vecchio G, Liccardi A, Verde N, Pirchio R, Pivonello R, Ercolini D, Colao A. The Vaginal Microbiome: A Long Urogenital Colonization Throughout Woman Life. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Jul 6;11:686167. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.686167Pendharkar, S, Skafte-Holm A, Simsek G, Haahr T. Lactobacilli and Their Probiotic Effects in the Vagina of Reproductive Age Women / S. Pendharkar, A. Skafte-Holm, G. Simsek [et al.] // Microorganisms. – 2023. – Vol. 11, №3. – P. 636. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030636Pendharkar S, Skafte-Holm A, Simsek G, Haahr T. Lactobacilli and Their Probiotic Effects in the Vagina of Reproductive Age Women. Microorganisms. 2023 Mar 1;11(3):636. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030636Xu, H. Vaginal colonization of Lactobacilli: Mechanism and function / H. Xu, S. Zhang, B. Zhang [et al.] // Microb Pathog. – 2025. – № 198. – P. 107141. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107141Xu H, Zhang S, Zhang B, Jiang N, Xu Y, Chen X, Han L. Vaginal colonization of Lactobacilli: Mechanism and function. Microb Pathog. 2025 Jan;198:107141. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107141Сторчак, А. В. Проблемные вопросы восстановления биоценоза влагалища / А. В. Сторчак, О. В. Грищенко // Охрана материнства и детства. – 2017. – № 2(30). – С. 67–75.Storchak, A. V. Problematic issues of restoration of vaginal biocenosis / A. V. Storchak, O. V. Grishchenko // Protection of motherhood and childhood. - 2017. - Vol. 2, №30. - P. 67-75. (in Russian)Wang, C. Vaginal bacterial profiles of aerobic vaginitis: a case-control study / C. Wang, A. Fan, H. Li [et al.] // Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. – 2020. – Vol. 96, №4. – P.114981. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114981Wang C, Fan A, Li H, Yan Y, Qi W, Wang Y, Han C, Xue F. Vaginal bacterial profiles of aerobic vaginitis: a case-control study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020 Apr;96(4):114981. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114981Brotman, R.M. Interplay between the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus detection / R.M. Brotman, M.D. Shardell, P. Gajer [et al.] // J Infect Dis. – 2014. – Vol. 210, №11. – P. 1723–33. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu330Brotman RM, Shardell MD, Gajer P, Tracy JK, Zenilman JM, Ravel J, Gravitt PE. Interplay between the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus detection. J Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 1;210(11):1723-33. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu330Zhang, Z. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in the microbial world: exploring the vaginal microecology / Z. Zhang, Q. Ma, L. Zhang [et a.] // Front Cell Infect Microbiol. – 2024. – №14. – P. 1325500. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325500Zhang Z, Ma Q, Zhang L, Ma L, Wang D, Yang Y, Jia P, Wu Y, Wang F. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in the microbial world: exploring the vaginal microecology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Jan 25;14:1325500. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325500Boris, S, Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens / S. Boris, C. Barbés // Microbes Infect. – 2000. – Vol. 2, №5. – P. 543-546. doi: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00313-0Boris S, Barbés C. Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens. Microbes Infect. 2000 Apr;2(5):543-6. doi: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00313-0Shen, J. Cervicovaginal microbiota: a promising direction for prevention and treatment in cervical cancer / J. Shen, H. Sun, J. Chu // Infect Agent Cancer. – 2024. – Vol. 19, №13. – P. 1-15. doi: 10.1186/s13027-024-00573-8Shen J, Sun H, Chu J, Gong X, Liu X. Cervicovaginal microbiota: a promising direction for prevention and treatment in cervical cancer. Infect Agent Cancer. 2024 Apr 19;19(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s13027-024-00573-8Hearps, A.C. Vaginal lactic acid elicits an anti-inflammatory response from human cervicovaginal epithelial cells and inhibits production of pro-inflammatory mediators associated with HIV acquisition / A.C. Hearps, D. Tyssen, D. Srbinovski [et al.] // Mucosal Immunol. – 2017. – Vol. 10, №6. – P. 1480-1490. doi: 10.1038/mi.2017.27Hearps AC, Tyssen D, Srbinovski D, Bayigga L, Diaz DJD, Aldunate M, Cone RA, Gugasyan R, Anderson DJ, Tachedjian G. Vaginal lactic acid elicits an anti-inflammatory response from human cervicovaginal epithelial cells and inhibits production of pro-inflammatory mediators associated with HIV acquisition. Mucosal Immunol. 2017 Nov;10(6):1480-1490. doi: 10.1038/mi.2017.27Бояринева, И.В. Исследование антибиотической активности и антибиотикоустойчивости чистых культур Propionibacterium freudenreichii ш-85 и ацидофильной палочки с целью дальнейшего использования культур в производстве бактериального концентрата / И.В. Бояринева, И.С. Хамагаева, И.Е. Муруев // The Scientific Heritage. 2020. – №. 44. – С. 3-6.Boyarineva I.V., Khamagaeva I.S., Muruev I.E. Research of antibiotic activity and antibiotic resistance of pure cultur of Propionibacterium freudenreichii sh-85 and acidophilus bacillus for further use of cultures in the production of bacterial concentrate/ The Scientific Heritage, №. 44-2 (44), 2020, P. 3-6. (in Russian)Иркитова, А. Н., Влияние аэробных и анаэробных условий культивирования на антагонистическую активность Lactobacillus acidophilus к Escherichia coli / А. Н. Иркитова, Я. Р. Каган, Г. Г. Соколова // Известия Алтайского государственного университета. 2013 – Т. 1, №. 3 (79). – С. 76-79.A.N. Irkitova, Ya.R. Kagan, G.G. Sokolova Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Cultivation Conditions on Antagonistic Activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus to Escherichia coli- News of Altai State University. – 2013. –Vol. 1, №. 3. – P. 076-079. (in Russian)Klebanoff, S. J. Viricidal effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on human immunodeficiency virus type 1: possible role in heterosexual transmission / S. J. Klebanoff, R. W. Coombs // J. Exp. Med. – 1991. – Vol. 174, № 1. – P. 289–292Klebanoff S. J., Coombs R. W. Viricidal effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on human immunodeficiency virus type 1: possible role in heterosexual transmission // J. Exp. Med. 1991; 174 (1): 289–292Николаева, С.В. Роль молочнокислых бактерий в здоровье человека / С.В. Николаева // Лечащий врач. – 2013. – №2 – URL: https://www.lvrach.ru/2013/02/15435630 (дата обращения 20.01.2026).Nikolaeva, S.V. The role of lactic acid bacteria in human health / S.V. Nikolaeva // Lechaschi Vrach. - 2013. - No. 2 – URL: https://www.lvrach.ru/2013/02/15435630(in Russian)Rakhmatullaevа, M.M. Lactobacilli of the vagina: their types, properties and role in vaginal biotope / M.M. Rakhmatullaevа, N.О. Nаvruzovа // Doktor Axborotnomаsi. – 2019. – №2. – P. 154–158. (in Russian) URL: https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/doctors_herald/article/view/2466 (дата обращения 20.01.2026).Rakhmatullaevа M.M., Nаvruzovа N.О. Lactobacilli of the vagina: their types, properties and role in vaginal biotope. Doktor Axborotnomаsi. 2019;2:154–158. (in Russian) https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/doctors_herald/article/view/2466 (дата обращения 20.01.2026).Ravel, J. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women / J. Ravel, P. Gajer, Z. Abdo [et al.] // Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. – 2011 – Vol. 108, № 1 – Р. 4680–4687. [PMID: 20534435.Ravel J., Gajer P., Abdo Z. et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women // Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. — 2011 — Vol. 108, № 1 — Р. 4680–4687.France, M.T. VALENCIA: a nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition / M.T. France, B. Ma, P. Gajer [et al.] // Microbiome. –2020. – Vol. 8, №1. – P.166. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00934-6France MT, Ma B, Gajer P, Brown S, Humphrys MS, Holm JB, Waetjen LE, Brotman RM, Ravel J. VALENCIA: a nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition. Microbiome. 2020 Nov 23;8(1):166. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00934-6France, M. Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota / M. France, M. Alizadeh, S. Brown [et al.] // Nat Microbiol. – 2022. – Vol. 7, №3. – P. 367-378. doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01083-2France M, Alizadeh M, Brown S, Ma B, Ravel J. Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota. Nat Microbiol. 2022 Mar;7(3):367-378. doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01083-2Ravel, J. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women / J. Ravel, P. Gajer, Z. Abdo [et al.] // Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. – 2011. – Vol. 15, №108. – P. 4680-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002611107Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SS, McCulle SL, Karlebach S, Gorle R, Russell J, Tacket CO, Brotman RM, Davis CC, Ault K, Peralta L, Forney LJ. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):4680-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002611107Muzny, C.A. Identification of Key Bacteria Involved in the Induction of Incident Bacterial Vaginosis: A Prospective Study / C.A. Muzny, E. Blanchard, C.M. Taylor [e al.] // J Infect Dis. – 2018.– Vol. 218, №6. – P. 966-978. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy243Muzny C.A., Blanchard E., Taylor C.M., Aaron K.J., Talluri R., Griswold M.E., et al. Identification of Key Bacteria Involved in the Induction of Incident Bacterial Vaginosis: A Prospective Study. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(6):966-978. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy243Nunn, K.L. Unraveling the Dynamics of the Human Vaginal Microbiome / K.L. Nunn, L.J. Forney // Yale J Biol Med. – 2016. – Vol. 89, №3. – P. 331-337.Nunn K.L., Forney L.J. Unraveling the Dynamics of the Human Vaginal Microbiome. Yale J Biol Med. 2016;89(3):331-337Van der Waaij, D. The digestive tract in immunocompromised patients: importance of maintaining its resistance to colonization, especially in hospital in-patients and those taking antibiotics / D. Van der Waaij // Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. – 1984. – №50. – P. 745–761.Van der Waaij D. The digestive tract in immunocompromised patients: importance of maintaining its resistance to colonization, especially in hospital in-patients and those taking antibiotics. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1984; 50: 745–761Фофанова, И.Ю. Возможности регуляции микрофлоры влагалища / И.Ю. Фофанова // Фарматека. – 2011. – № 12. – С.71–74.Fofanova, I.Y. Possibilities of regulation of the vaginal microflora. Pharmateca. – 2011. – № 12. – P.71–74. (in Russian).Sozonova, E.A. Dynamic changes in the women’s vaginal microbiota / E.A. Sozonova, N.E. Chapova, E.V. Budanova // Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatology. – 2021. – Vol. 20, №4. – 106–114. (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-106-114Sozonova E.A., Chapova N.E., Budanova E.V. Dynamic changes in the women’s vaginal microbiota. Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatology. 2021;20(4):106–114. (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-106-114Frąszczak, K. Does Lactobacillus Exert a Protective Effect on the Development of Cervical and Endometrial Cancer in Women? / K. Frąszczak, B. Barczyński, A. Kondracka // Cancers (Basel). – 2022. – Vol. 14, №19. – P. 4909. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194909Frąszczak K., Barczyński B., Kondracka A. Does Lactobacillus Exert a Protective Effect on the Development of Cervical and Endometrial Cancer in Women? Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(19):4909. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194909Usyk, M. Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of HPV in a longitudinal study / M. Usyk, C.P. Zolnik, P.E. Castle [et al.] // PLoS Pathog. – 2020. – Vol. 16, №3: e1008376. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008376Usyk M, Zolnik CP, Castle PE, Porras C, Herrero R, Gradissimo A, Gonzalez P, Safaeian M, Schiffman M, Burk RD; Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial (CVT) Group. Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of HPV in a longitudinal study. PLoS Pathog. 2020 Mar 26;16(3):e1008376. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008376Mortaki D, Gkegkes ID, Psomiadou V, Blontzos N, Prodromidou A, Lefkopoulos F, Nicolaidou E. Vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus: a systematic review. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2020 Sep 3;21(3):193-200. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2019.2019.0051. Epub 2019 Sep 30. PMID: 31564082; PMCID: PMC7495129.Mortaki D, Gkegkes ID, Psomiadou V, Blontzos N, Prodromidou A, Lefkopoulos F, Nicolaidou E. Vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus: a systematic review. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2020 Sep 3;21(3):193-200. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2019.2019.0051Ильина, Т. С. Бактериальные биопленки: роль в хронических инфекционных процессах и поиск средств борьбы с ними / Т. С. Ильина, Ю. М. Романова // Молекуляр. генетика, микробиология и вирусология. – 2021. –Т. 39, № 2. – С. 14–24.Ilyina, T. S. Bacterial biofilms: role in chronic infectious processes and search for means to combat them / T. S. Ilyina, Yu. M. Romanova // Molecular genetics, microbiology and virology.– 2021. –Т. 39, № 2. – С. 14–24. (in Russian)Тец В.В., Тец Г.В. Микробные биопленки и проблемы антибиотикотерапии. Атмосфера. Пульмонология и аллергология. 2013;4:60–64.Tets V.V., Tets G.V. Microbial biofilms and problems of antibiotic therapy. Atmosphere. Pulmonology and Allergology. 2013;4:60–64. (in Russian)Sponza D.T. Investigation of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of different activated sludge flocs under steady-state conditions. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2003;32:375–85.Sponza D.T. Investigation of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of different activated sludge flocs under steady-state conditions. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2003;32:375–85.Хрянин, А.А. Современные представления о биопленках микроорганизмов/ А.А. Хрянин, Кнорринг Г.Ю. // Фарматека. – 2020. - №6. – С. 34-42. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2020.6.34-42Khryanin, A.A. Modern concepts of microbial biofilms/ A.A. Khryanin, Knorring G.Yu.// Pharmateka. – 2020. - №6. – С. 34-42. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2020.6.34-42 (in Russian)Kalia, N. Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: a critical review / N. Kalia, J. Singh, M. Kaur [et al.] // Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. – 2020. – Vol. 19, №1:5. doi: 10.1186/s12941-020-0347-4Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: a critical review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020 Jan 28;19(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12941-020-0347-4Ventolini G. Biofilm formation by vaginal Lactobacillus in vivo / G. Ventolini, E. Mitchell, M. Salazar // Medical Hypotheses. – 2015. – Vol. 84, № 5. – P. 417-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.020Ventolini G., Mitchell E., Salazar M. Biofilm formation by vaginal Lactobacillus in vivo, Medical Hypotheses, Volume 84, Issue 5, 2015, P. 417-420, ISSN 0306-9877, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.020Zakaria Gomaa, E. Antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties of biosurfactant produced by lactobacilli isolates, biofilm formation and aggregation ability / E. Zakaria Gomaa // J Gen Appl MicrobioL. – 2013. – №59. – P. 425–436. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.59.425Zakaria Gomaa E. Antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties of biosurfactant produced by lactobacilli isolates, biofilm formation and aggregation ability. J Gen Appl MicrobioL.2013;59:425–436. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.59.425Li, Z. Biofilm-Inspired Encapsulation of Probiotics for the Treatment of Complex Infections / Z. Li, A. M. Behrens, N. Ginat [et al.] // Adv Mater. – 2018. – Vol. 30, №51: e1803925. doi: 10.1002/adma.201803925Li Z, Behrens AM, Ginat N, Tzeng SY, Lu X, Sivan S, Langer R, Jaklenec A. Biofilm-Inspired Encapsulation of Probiotics for the Treatment of Complex Infections. Adv Mater. 2018 Dec;30(51):e1803925. doi: 10.1002/adma.201803925Parolin, C. Lactobacillus Biofilms Influence Anti-Candida Activity. / C. Parolin, V. Croatti, L. Laghi [et al.] // Front Microbiol. – 2021. – №12:750368. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750368Parolin C, Croatti V, Laghi L, Giordani B, Tondi MR, De Gregorio PR, Foschi C, Vitali B. Lactobacillus Biofilms Influence Anti-Candida Activity. Front Microbiol. 2021 Oct 29;12:750368. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750368Глушанова, Н.А. Биологические свойства лактобацилл / Н.А. Глушанова // Бюллетень сибирской медицины. – 2003. – Т. 2, №4. – С. 50–58. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2003-4-50-58Glushanova N.A. Biological properties of lactobacillus. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2003;2(4):50-58. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2003-4-50-58(in Russian)Kyrgiou, M. Does the vaginal microbiota play a role in the development of cervical cancer? / M. Kyrgiou, A. Mitra, A. B. Moscicki // Transl Res. – 2017. – №179. – P. 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.004Kyrgiou M., Mitra A., Moscicki AB. Does the vaginal microbiota play a role in the development of cervical cancer? // Transl Res. 2017. №179. P. 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.004So, K. A. Changes of vaginal microbiota during cervical carcinogenesis in women with human papillomavirus infection / K.A. So, E.J. Yang, N.R. Kim [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2020. – Vol. 15, №9. – P. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238705So KA., Yang EJ., Kim NR. et al. Changes of vaginal microbiota during cervical carcinogenesis in women with human papillomavirus infection // PLoS One. 2020. Vol. 15. №9. P. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238705Yang, Y. Altered vaginal cervical microbiota diversity contributes to HPV-induced cervical cancer via inflammation regulation/ Y. Yang, J. Zhu, R. Feng [et al.] // PeerJ. – 2024. – №12. – P.17415. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17415Yang Y., Zhu J., Feng R. et al. Altered vaginal cervical microbiota diversity contributes to HPV-induced cervical cancer via inflammation regulation // PeerJ. 2024. №12. P.17415. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17415Schellekens, H. Vaginal Microbiota and Local Immunity in HPV-Induced High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia: A Narrative Review / H. Schellekens, L. Schmidt, S. Morré [et al.] // Int J Mol Sci. – 2025. – Vol. 26, №9. – P. 3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26093954Schellekens H., Schmidt L., Morré S. et al. Vaginal Microbiota and Local Immunity in HPV-Induced High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia: A Narrative Review // Int J Mol Sci. 2025. Vol. 26. №9. P. 3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26093954Carrero, Y. N. In situ immunopathological events in human cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: Review/ Y. N. Carrero, D.E. Callejas, J.A.Mosquera // Transl Oncol. – 2021. – Vol. 14, №5. – P. 101058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101058Carrero YN, Callejas DE, Mosquera JA. In situ immunopathological events in human cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: Review // Transl Oncol. 2021. Vol. 14. №5. P. 101058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101058Zídek, Z. Current status and challenges of cytokine pharmacology/ Z. Zídek, P. Anzenbacher, E. Kmonícková // Br J Pharmacol. – 2009. – Vol. 157, №3. – P. 342–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00206.xZídek Z., Anzenbacher P., Kmonícková E. Current status and challenges of cytokine pharmacology // Br J Pharmacol. 2009. Vol. 157. №3. P. 342–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00206.xMantovani, A. Cancer-related inflammation / A. Mantovani, P. Allavena, A. Sica [et al.] // Nature. – 2008. – Vol. 454, №7203 – P. 436–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07205Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A. et al. Cancer-related inflammation // Nature. 2008. Vol. 454. №7203 P. 436–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07205Valle-Mendiola, A. Pleiotropic Effects of IL-2 on Cancer: Its Role in Cervical Cancer / A. Valle-Mendiola, A. Gutiérrez-Hoya, C. Lagunas-Cruz Mdel [et al.] // Mediators Inflamm. – 2016. – Vol.2016, №2849523. – P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2849523Valle-Mendiola A., Gutiérrez-Hoya A., Lagunas-Cruz Mdel C. et al. Pleiotropic Effects of IL-2 on Cancer: Its Role in Cervical Cancer // Mediators Inflamm. 2016. Vol.2016. ID.2849523. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2849523Тийс, Р.П. Интерлейкин-6: его роль в организме, генетический полиморфизм и значение при некоторых заболеваниях (литературный обзор) / Р.П. Тийс, Л.П. Осипова // Медицинская генетика. – 2022. – Т. 21, №1. – С. 14–27. https://doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2022.01.14-27Tiis R.P., Osipova L.P. Interleukin-6: it’s role in the organism, genetic polymorphism and significance in certain diseases (literature review). Medical Genetics. 2022;21(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2022.01.14-27(in Russian)Kumari, N. Role of interleukin-6 in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance / N. Kumari, B.S. Dwarakanath, A. Das [et al.] // Tumour Biol. – 2016. – Vol. 37, №9. – P. 11553–11572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5098-7Kumari N., Dwarakanath BS., Das A. et al. Role of interleukin-6 in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance // Tumour Biol. 2016. Vol. 37. №9. P. 11553–11572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5098-7Alfaro, C. Interleukin-8 in cancer pathogenesis, treatment and follow-up / C. Alfaro, M. F. Sanmamed, M.E. Rodríguez-Ruiz [et al.] // Cancer Treat Rev. – 2017. – №. 60. – P. 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.08.004Alfaro C., Sanmamed MF., Rodríguez-Ruiz ME. et al. Interleukin-8 in cancer pathogenesis, treatment and follow-up // Cancer Treat Rev. 2017. Vol. 60. P. 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.08.004Iwata, T. Cytokine profile in cervical mucosa of Japanese patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia / T. Iwata, T. Fujii, K. Morii [et al.] // Int J Clin Oncol. – 2015. – Vol. 20, №1. – P. 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-014-0680-8Iwata T., Fujii T., Morii K. et al. Cytokine profile in cervical mucosa of Japanese patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia // Int J Clin Oncol. 2015. Vol. 20. №1. P. 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-014-0680-8Скиданенко-Левина, О. В. Цитокиновый профиль цервикальной слизи при различных формах папилломавирусной инфекции / О. В. Скиданенко-Левина // Казанский медицинский журнал. – 2014. – Т. 95, №5. – С. 642–645.Skidanenko-Levina, O. V. Cytokine profile of cervical mucus in various forms of papillomavirus infection // Kazan Medical Journal. 2014. Vol. 95. No. 5. P. 642–645.Терещенко, И.В. Фактор некроза опухоли α и его роль в патологии / И.В. Терещенко, П.Е. Каюшев // РМЖ. – Медицинское обозрение. – 2022. – Т. 6, №9. – С. 523–527. https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-9-523-527Tereshchenko I., Kayushev P. Tumor necrosis factor α and its role in pathology // RMJ. Medical Review. 2022. Vol. 6. No. 9. P. 523–527. https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-9-523-527Al-Qahtani, AA. Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review / AA. Al-Qahtani, F.S. Alhamlan, A.A. Al-Qahtani // Trop Med Infect Dis. – 2024. – Vol. 9, №1. – P. 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010013Al-Qahtani AA., Alhamlan FS., Al-Qahtani AA. Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review // Trop Med Infect Dis. 2024. Vol. 9. №1. P. 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010013Gu Y. The Display between HPV Infection and Host Immunity in Cervical Cancer / Y. Gu, T. Li, M. Zhang [et al.] // Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). – 2024. – Vol. 29, №12 :426. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2912426Gu Y, Li T, Zhang M, Chen J, Shen F, Ding J, Zhou G, Hua K. The Display between HPV Infection and Host Immunity in Cervical Cancer. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2024 Dec 24;29(12):426. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2912426Wira, C.R. The Role of Sex Hormones in Immune Protection of the Female Reproductive Tract / C.R. Wira, M. Rodriguez-Garcia, M.V. Patel [et at.] // Nat Rev Immunol. – 2015. –Vol. 15, №4. – P. 217–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3819Wira CR., Rodriguez-Garcia M., Patel MV. The Role of Sex Hormones in Immune Protection of the Female Reproductive Tract // Nat Rev Immunol. 2015. Vol. 15. №4. P. 217–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3819Клиническая иммунопатология для акушеров-гинекологов: учебное пособие / Д. К. Новиков [и др.]. – Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 2021. – 224 с.Clinical immunopathology for obstetricians-gynecologists: a tutorial / D. K. Novikov [et al.]. - Minsk: Higher School, 2021. - 224 p. (in Russian)Muntinga, CLP. Importance of the Immune Microenvironment in the Spontaneous Regression of Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (cSIL) and Implications for Immunotherapy / CLP. Muntinga, P.J. de Vos van Steenwijk, RLM. Bekkers // J Clin Med. – 2022. – Vol. 11, №5:1432. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051432Muntinga CLP, de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Bekkers RLM, van Esch EMG. Importance of the Immune Microenvironment in the Spontaneous Regression of Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (cSIL) and Implications for Immunotherapy. J Clin Med. 2022 Mar 5;11(5):1432. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051432Fernandes, J. V., DE Medeiros Fernandes TA, DE Azevedo JC, Cobucci RN, DE Carvalho MG, Andrade VS, DE Araújo JM. Link between chronic inflammation and human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis (Review) / J. V. Fernandes, T.A. Medeiros Fernandes, J. C. Azevedo // Oncol Lett. – 2015. – Vol. 9, №3. – P. 1015-1026. doi: 10.3892/ol.2015.2884Fernandes JV, DE Medeiros Fernandes TA, DE Azevedo JC, Cobucci RN, DE Carvalho MG, Andrade VS, DE Araújo JM. Link between chronic inflammation and human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis (Review). Oncol Lett. 2015 Mar;9(3):1015-1026. doi: 10.3892/ol.2015.2884Lin, W. Imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg during the development of uterine cervical cancer / W. Lin, Z. Niu, H. Zhang [et al.] // Int J Clin Exp Pathol. – 2019. – Vol. 12, №9. – P. 3604-3612Lin W, Niu Z, Zhang H, Kong Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Yuan F. Imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg during the development of uterine cervical cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2019 Sep 1;12(9):3604-3612Tosado-Rodríguez, E. Inflammatory cytokines and a diverse cervicovaginal microbiota associate with cervical dysplasia in a cohort of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico / E. Tosado-Rodríguez, L. B. Mendez, A.M. Espino [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2023. – Vol. 18, №12: e0284673. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284673Tosado-Rodríguez E, Mendez LB, Espino AM, Dorta-Estremera S, Aquino EE, Romaguera J, Godoy-Vitorino F. Inflammatory cytokines and a diverse cervicovaginal microbiota associate with cervical dysplasia in a cohort of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico. PLoS One. 2023 Dec 8;18(12):e0284673. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284673Łaniewski, P. Features of the cervicovaginal microenvironment drive cancer biomarker signatures in patients across cervical carcinogenesis / P. Łaniewski, H. Cui, D. J. Roe [et al.] // Sci Rep. – 2019. – Vol. 9, №1:7333. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43849-5Łaniewski P, Cui H, Roe DJ, Barnes D, Goulder A, Monk BJ, Greenspan DL, Chase DM, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Features of the cervicovaginal microenvironment drive cancer biomarker signatures in patients across cervical carcinogenesis. Sci Rep. 2019 May 14;9(1):7333. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43849-5Трубникова, Л. И. Секреция sIgA в цервикальной слизи у женщин с фоновыми заболеваниями шейки матки / Л.И. Трубникова, Н.В. Вознесенская, И.В. Кожемятова // Медицинский альманах. – 2009. – №4. – C.134-136.Trubnikova, L. I. Secretion of sIgA in cervical mucus in women with background diseases of the cervix / L. I. Trubnikova, N. V. Voznesenskaya, I. V. Kozhemyatova // Medical almanac. - 2009. - No. 4. - P. 134-136. (in Russian)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.