medbioМедико-биологические проблемы жизнедеятельностиMedical and Biological Problems of Life Activity2074-2088Республиканский научно-практический центр радиационной медицины и экологии человекаmedbio-164Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEWS AND PROBLEM ARTICLESМикроглия головного мозга: структурно-функциональная характеристика клеток (обзор литературы)Microglia of the brain: structural and functional characteristics of cells (literature review)ПаращенкоА. О.ParashchenkoA. O.noemail@neicon.ruКорнееваМ. А.KorneevaM. A.noemail@neicon.ruСеменикИ. А.SiamionikI. A.noemail@neicon.ruРябцеваС. Н.RyabtsevaS. N.noemail@neicon.ruГНУ «Институт физиологии Национальной академии наук Беларуси»Russian Federation202202032023021219Copyright © Паращенко А.О., Корнеева М.А., Семеник И.А., Рябцева С.Н., 20232023Паращенко А.О., Корнеева М.А., Семеник И.А., Рябцева С.Н.Parashchenko A.O., Korneeva M.A., Siamionik I.A., Ryabtseva S.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://medbio.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/164

Цель данного обзора литературы - обобщение современных данных о морфофункциональных характеристиках микроглии. В статье представлен современный взгляд на роль, функцию и гистологическую характеристику клеток микроглии с акцентом на трансформацию клеток при их активации и дистрофических изменениях. Описаны несколько морфотипов клеток микроглии в зависимости от их функциональной активности. Представлены варианты дистрофических изменений микроглиальных клеток, которые чаще встречались при нейродегенеративных заболеваниях.

The aim of this literature review is to summarize current data on the morpho-functional characteristics of microglia. The article presents a modern view on the role, function and histological characteristics of microglial cells with an emphasis on the transformation of cells during their activation and dystrophic changes. Several morphotypes of microglial cells are described depending on their functional activity. Variants of dystrophic changes in microglial cells, which are more common in neurodegenerative diseases, are presented.

микроглияфункцияморфотипы клетокдистрофические измененияmicrogliafunctioncell morphotypesdystrophic changesReferencesMicroglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system / N. Lannes [et al.] // Oncotarget. - 2017. - Vol. 8, № 69. - P. 114393-114413. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23106Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system / N. Lannes [et al.] // Oncotarget. - 2017. - Vol. 8, № 69. - P. 114393-114413. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23106Rogers, K. Microglia [Electronic resource] / K. Rogers // Encyclopedia Britannica. - Mode of access: https://www.britannica.com/science/microglia. - Date of access: 05.07.2022.Rogers, K. Microglia [Electronic resource] / K. Rogers // Encyclopedia Britannica. - Mode of access: https://www.britannica.com/science/microglia. - Date of access: 05.07.2022.Garman, R.H. Histology of the Central Nervous System / R.H. Garman // Toxicologic Pathology. - 2010. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P. 22-35. doi: 10.1177/0192623310389621Garman, R.H. Histology of the Central Nervous System / R.H. Garman // Toxicologic Pathology. - 2010. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P. 22-35. doi: 10.1177/0192623310389621Jurga, A.M. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes / A.M. Jurga, M. Paleczna, K.Z. Kuter // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2020. - Vol. 14. - Р. 1-14.Jurga, A.M. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes / A.M. Jurga, M. Paleczna, K.Z. Kuter // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2020. - Vol. 14. - Р. 1-14.The Kaleidoscope of Microglial Phenotypes / M.L. Dubbelaar [et al.] // Frontiers in Immunology. - 2018. - Vol. 9. - Р. 1753-1755.The Kaleidoscope of Microglial Phenotypes / M.L. Dubbelaar [et al.] // Frontiers in Immunology. - 2018. - Vol. 9. - Р. 1753-1755.Cien Años de Microglía: Milestones in a Century of Microglial Research / А. Sierra [et al.] // Trends in Neuroscience. - 2019. - Vol. 42, № 11. - P. 778-792. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.004Cien Años de Microglía: Milestones in a Century of Microglial Research / А. Sierra [et al.] // Trends in Neuroscience. - 2019. - Vol. 42, № 11. - P. 778-792. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.004Song, W.M. The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration / W.M. Song, M. Colonna // Nature Immunology. - 2018. - Vol. 19, № 10. - P.1048-1058. doi: 10.1038/s41590-018-0212-1Song, W.M. The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration / W.M. Song, M. Colonna // Nature Immunology. - 2018. - Vol. 19, № 10. - P.1048-1058. doi: 10.1038/s41590-018-0212-1Kofler, J. Microglia /j. Kofler, C.A. Wiley // Toxicologic Pathology. - 2010. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P.103-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623310387619Kofler, J. Microglia /j. Kofler, C.A. Wiley // Toxicologic Pathology. - 2010. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P.103-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623310387619Wake, H. Functions of microglia in the central nervous system - beyond the immune response / H. Wake, A.J. Moorhouse, J. Nabekura // Neuron Glia Biol. - 2011. - Vol. 7, № 1. - P. 47-53. doi: 10.1017/S1740925X12000063Wake, H. Functions of microglia in the central nervous system - beyond the immune response / H. Wake, A.J. Moorhouse, J. Nabekura // Neuron Glia Biol. - 2011. - Vol. 7, № 1. - P. 47-53. doi: 10.1017/S1740925X12000063Microglia remodel synapses by presynaptic trogocytosis and spine head filopodia induction / L. Weinhard [et al.] // Nat Commun. - 2018. - Vol. 9. - P. 1228-1232. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03566-5Microglia remodel synapses by presynaptic trogocytosis and spine head filopodia induction / L. Weinhard [et al.] // Nat Commun. - 2018. - Vol. 9. - P. 1228-1232. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03566-5De Schepper, S. Understanding Microglial Diversity and Implications for Neuronal Function in Health and Disease / S. De Schepper, G. Crowley, S. Hong // Developmental Neurobiology. - 2021. - Vol. 81, № 5. - P. 507-523. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22777De Schepper, S. Understanding Microglial Diversity and Implications for Neuronal Function in Health and Disease / S. De Schepper, G. Crowley, S. Hong // Developmental Neurobiology. - 2021. - Vol. 81, № 5. - P. 507-523. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22777Neniskyte, U. Errant gardeners: glial-cell-dependent synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders / U. Neniskyte, C. Gross // Nat Rev Neurosci. - 2017. - Vol. 18. - P. 658-670.Neniskyte, U. Errant gardeners: glial-cell-dependent synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders / U. Neniskyte, C. Gross // Nat Rev Neurosci. - 2017. - Vol. 18. - P. 658-670.Casano, A.M. Microglia: multitasking specialists of the brain / A.M. Casano, F. Peri // Dev Cell. - 2015. - Vol. 32, № 4. - P. 469-477. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.018.Casano, A.M. Microglia: multitasking specialists of the brain / A.M. Casano, F. Peri // Dev Cell. - 2015. - Vol. 32, № 4. - P. 469-477. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.018.Microglia of the Brain: Origin, Structure, Functions / O.S. Alekseevaa [et al.] // Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. - 2019. - Vol. 55, № 4. - P. 257-258.Microglia of the Brain: Origin, Structure, Functions / O.S. Alekseevaa [et al.] // Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. - 2019. - Vol. 55, № 4. - P. 257-258.Frost, J.L. Microglia: Architects of the Developing Nervous System /j.L. Frost, D.P. Schafer // Trends Cell Biol. - 2016. - Vol. 26, № 8. - P. 587-597. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.02.006.Frost, J.L. Microglia: Architects of the Developing Nervous System /j.L. Frost, D.P. Schafer // Trends Cell Biol. - 2016. - Vol. 26, № 8. - P. 587-597. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.02.006.Kofler, J. Microglia: key innate immune cells of the brain /j. Kofler, C.A. Wiley // Toxicol Pathol. - 2011. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P. 103-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623310387619.Kofler, J. Microglia: key innate immune cells of the brain /j. Kofler, C.A. Wiley // Toxicol Pathol. - 2011. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P. 103-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623310387619.Кирик, О.В. Кальций-связывающий белок IBA-1/AIF-1 в клетках головного мозга крысы / О.В. Кирик, Е.Г. Сухорукова, Д.Э. Коржевский // Морфология. - 2010. - Т. 137, № 2. - С. 5-8.Кирик, О.В. Кальций-связывающий белок IBA-1/AIF-1 в клетках головного мозга крысы / О.В. Кирик, Е.Г. Сухорукова, Д.Э. Коржевский // Морфология. - 2010. - Т. 137, № 2. - С. 5-8.Microglial repopulation resolves inflammation and promotes brain recovery after injury / R.A. Rice [et al.] // Glia. - 2017. - Vol. 65. - P. 931-944. doi: 10.1002/glia.23135Microglial repopulation resolves inflammation and promotes brain recovery after injury / R.A. Rice [et al.] // Glia. - 2017. - Vol. 65. - P. 931-944. doi: 10.1002/glia.23135Identification of a unique TGF-β dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia / О. Butovsky [et al.] // Nat Neurosci. - 2014. - Vol. 17. - Р. 131-143. doi: 10.1038/nn.3599Identification of a unique TGF-β dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia / О. Butovsky [et al.] // Nat Neurosci. - 2014. - Vol. 17. - Р. 131-143. doi: 10.1038/nn.3599Jurga, A.M. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes / A.M. Jurga, M. Paleczna, K.Z. Kuter // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2020. - Vol. 14. - Р. 1-14.Jurga, A.M. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes / A.M. Jurga, M. Paleczna, K.Z. Kuter // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2020. - Vol. 14. - Р. 1-14.Kofler, J. Microglia: key innate immune cells of the brain /j. Kofler, C.A. Wiley // Toxicol Pathol. - 2011. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P. 103-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623310387619Kofler, J. Microglia: key innate immune cells of the brain /j. Kofler, C.A. Wiley // Toxicol Pathol. - 2011. - Vol. 39, № 1. - P. 103-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623310387619Microglial polarization in posttraumatic epilepsy: Potential mechanism and treatment opportunity / P. Therajaran [et al.] // Epilepsia. - 2020. - Vol. 61, № 2. - P. 203-215. doi: 10.1111/epi.16424Microglial polarization in posttraumatic epilepsy: Potential mechanism and treatment opportunity / P. Therajaran [et al.] // Epilepsia. - 2020. - Vol. 61, № 2. - P. 203-215. doi: 10.1111/epi.16424Zheng, Z.V. Microglial activation and polarization after subarachnoid hemorrhage / Z.V. Zheng // Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation. - 2019. - Vol. 14. - Р. 1-7.Zheng, Z.V. Microglial activation and polarization after subarachnoid hemorrhage / Z.V. Zheng // Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation. - 2019. - Vol. 14. - Р. 1-7.Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response / S. Bachiller [et al.] // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2018. - Vol. 18. - Р. 488-492.Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response / S. Bachiller [et al.] // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2018. - Vol. 18. - Р. 488-492.Box-Counting Analysis of Microglia Form in Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s Disease and Affective Disorder / A. Karperien [et al.] // Fractals. - 2008. - Vol. 16, № 2. - P. 103-107. doi: 10.1142/s0218348x08003880Box-Counting Analysis of Microglia Form in Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s Disease and Affective Disorder / A. Karperien [et al.] // Fractals. - 2008. - Vol. 16, № 2. - P. 103-107. doi: 10.1142/s0218348x08003880Karperien, A. Quantitating the subtleties of microglial morphology with fractal analysis / А. Karperien, H. Ahammer, H.F. Jelinek // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2013. - Vol. 7. - P. 3-24. doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00003Karperien, A. Quantitating the subtleties of microglial morphology with fractal analysis / А. Karperien, H. Ahammer, H.F. Jelinek // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2013. - Vol. 7. - P. 3-24. doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00003Microglia Morphological Categorization in a Rat Model of Neuroinflammation by Hierarchical Cluster and Principal Components Analysis / M. Fernández-Arjona [et al.] // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2017. - Vol. 11. - P. 1-22. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00235Microglia Morphological Categorization in a Rat Model of Neuroinflammation by Hierarchical Cluster and Principal Components Analysis / M. Fernández-Arjona [et al.] // Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. - 2017. - Vol. 11. - P. 1-22. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00235Harry, G.J. Microglia during development and aging / G.J. Harry // Pharmacology & Therapeutics. - 2013. - Vol. 139, № 3. - P. 313-326. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.013.Harry, G.J. Microglia during development and aging / G.J. Harry // Pharmacology & Therapeutics. - 2013. - Vol. 139, № 3. - P. 313-326. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.013.Angelova, D.M. Microglia and the aging brain: are senescent microglia the key to neurodegeneration? / D.M. Angelova, D.R. Brown // J Neurochem. - 2019. - Vol. 151, № 6. - P. 676-688. doi:10.1111/jnc.14860Angelova, D.M. Microglia and the aging brain: are senescent microglia the key to neurodegeneration? / D.M. Angelova, D.R. Brown // J Neurochem. - 2019. - Vol. 151, № 6. - P. 676-688. doi:10.1111/jnc.14860Edler, M.K. Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comparative Species Review / M.K. Edler, I. Mhatre-Winters, J.R. Richardson // Cells. - 2021. - Vol. 10, № 5. - P. 1138-1142. doi:10.3390/cells10051138Edler, M.K. Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comparative Species Review / M.K. Edler, I. Mhatre-Winters, J.R. Richardson // Cells. - 2021. - Vol. 10, № 5. - P. 1138-1142. doi:10.3390/cells10051138Dystrophic microglia are associated with neurodegenerative disease and not healthy aging in the human brain / R.K. Shahidehpour [et al.] // Neurobiology of Aging. - 2021. - Vol. 99. - P. 19-27.Dystrophic microglia are associated with neurodegenerative disease and not healthy aging in the human brain / R.K. Shahidehpour [et al.] // Neurobiology of Aging. - 2021. - Vol. 99. - P. 19-27.Microglial pathology / W.J. Streit [et al.] // Аcta neuropathol commun. -2014. - Vol. 2. - Р. 3-8.Microglial pathology / W.J. Streit [et al.] // Аcta neuropathol commun. -2014. - Vol. 2. - Р. 3-8.Bachstetter, A.D. Disease-related microglia heterogeneity in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and hippocampal sclerosis of aging / A.D. Bachstetter [et al.] // Acta Neuropathol.Commun. - 2015. - Vol. 3. - Р. 32-37.Bachstetter, A.D. Disease-related microglia heterogeneity in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and hippocampal sclerosis of aging / A.D. Bachstetter [et al.] // Acta Neuropathol.Commun. - 2015. - Vol. 3. - Р. 32-37.Lopes, K.O. Microglial dystrophy in the aged and Alzheimer’s disease brain is associated with ferritin immunoreactivity / K.O. Lopes, D.L. Sparks, W.J. Streit //Glia. - 2008. - Vol. 56. - Р. 1048-1060. doi: 10.1002/glia.20678Lopes, K.O. Microglial dystrophy in the aged and Alzheimer’s disease brain is associated with ferritin immunoreactivity / K.O. Lopes, D.L. Sparks, W.J. Streit //Glia. - 2008. - Vol. 56. - Р. 1048-1060. doi: 10.1002/glia.20678

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.